Current concepts in diagnosis and management of Grave’s orbitopathy: An overview

Dysthyroid orbitopathy or Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a heterogeneous autoimmune orbital inflammatory reaction typically manifested in middle age. The various orbital presentations are lid retraction proptosis, dry eyes, strabismus, diplopia, restriction in extraocular ocular movement and compressive optic neuropathy. The mainstay of therapy for the severe cases remains surgical decompression of the orbital contents into an adjacent space. With the advent of nasal endoscopes, endoscopic decompression has now become the procedure of choice for thyroid associated orbitopathy. Orbital decompression surgery has been indicated in patients with compressive optic neuropathy, severe corneal exposure and cosmetic deformity due to proptosis. In this article, we have done a systematic review of the current published literature to have an outlook about the current concepts, diagnosis and management of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO).